| Summary: | Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a bio-ceramic material that can be derived from either natural resources or through synthesis process using chemical reagents. Regardless of its origin, both types of HA can be used for biomedical applications to repair and replace damaged tissue. The aim of this present study is to extract HA from waste fish bone (HA-fb) via direct calcination technique at temperatures ranging from 600°C to 800°C. The HA powders obtained was then characterized to examine the effect of different calcination temperatures on its physicochemical properties. TGA curve shows the biggest weight loss at approximately 300-500°C, indicating that all organic parts from the bones were removed, and HA began to form. On the other hand, XRD analysis shows that HA-fb samples calcined at 700°C and 800°C both contain HA and β-TCP phases. HA content in the fish bone samples calcined at 700°C was 88.5%, while in 800°C sample, the amount was found to be slightly lower at 76.6%. This implies that by increasing the calcination temperature, the amount of β-TCP phase would also increase, since HA tend to decompose into other phases at higher temperatures. FTIR spectra analysis for all HA-fb samples contain phosphate (PO4-3), carbonate (CO3-2) and hydroxide (OH-) functional groups, which are all inherent to HA structure. FESEM images revealed that HA-fb powders obtained at 700°C and 800°C calcinations exhibit similar pattern of particles agglomeration. Agglomeration of the HA-fb powders is likely to occur when undergoing calcination at lower temperatures due to its smaller particle size. As calcination temperature increases, the particles grow and the powders become slightly less agglomerated. © 2024 Author(s).
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