Minimizing Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions of POME Treatment System Using MILP Model

This paper presents a strategic planning model aimed at optimizing the economic and environmental impacts of palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment systems. The model determines the optimal selection of POME treatment systems to minimize the environmental impact, specifically focusing on three syst...

وصف كامل

التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
الحاوية / القاعدة:Processes
المؤلف الرئيسي: 2-s2.0-85219043265
التنسيق: مقال
اللغة:English
منشور في: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) 2025
الوصول للمادة أونلاين:https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85219043265&doi=10.3390%2fpr13020583&partnerID=40&md5=e434c7467f1922ac366ff0fc3a34d12c
id Pallikodathan S.; Man H.C.; Ghazi T.I.M.; Sulaiman A.; Nagarajoo G.; Shukery M.F.
spelling Pallikodathan S.; Man H.C.; Ghazi T.I.M.; Sulaiman A.; Nagarajoo G.; Shukery M.F.
2-s2.0-85219043265
Minimizing Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions of POME Treatment System Using MILP Model
2025
Processes
13
2
10.3390/pr13020583
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85219043265&doi=10.3390%2fpr13020583&partnerID=40&md5=e434c7467f1922ac366ff0fc3a34d12c
This paper presents a strategic planning model aimed at optimizing the economic and environmental impacts of palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment systems. The model determines the optimal selection of POME treatment systems to minimize the environmental impact, specifically focusing on three systems: an anaerobic digester tank system (ADT), a covered lagoon system (CL) with biogas capture, and an open pond system (OP). The model incorporates constraints related to fresh fruit bunch (FFB) production, POME generation, the biological oxygen demand (BOD), the chemical oxygen demand (COD), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The optimization framework, formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model, is solved using the GAMS 40.1.0 software. Integer decision variables are used to represent the choice of POME treatment system that minimizes the environmental impact. The study specifically considers the ADT, CL, and OP systems, with the results indicating that the ADT system is the most effective in reducing the BOD, COD, and CO2-equivalent emissions, thereby highlighting its environmental benefits. The model selects the ADT treatment system, which exhibits the lowest COD, BOD, and CO2e emissions. Specifically, the COD registered an 85% reduction, from 84,830 mg/L to 12,725 mg/L. The BOD level was reduced by 88%, resulting in a BOD level of 41,208 mg/L to 4945 mg/L. The minimum CO2e emissions that could be achieved was about 3173 t CO2e per annum. This model provides a valuable tool for governmental agencies and policymakers to guide the private sector in developing environmentally sustainable POME treatment strategies. © 2025 by the authors.
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
22279717
English
Article
All Open Access; Gold Open Access
author 2-s2.0-85219043265
spellingShingle 2-s2.0-85219043265
Minimizing Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions of POME Treatment System Using MILP Model
author_facet 2-s2.0-85219043265
author_sort 2-s2.0-85219043265
title Minimizing Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions of POME Treatment System Using MILP Model
title_short Minimizing Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions of POME Treatment System Using MILP Model
title_full Minimizing Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions of POME Treatment System Using MILP Model
title_fullStr Minimizing Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions of POME Treatment System Using MILP Model
title_full_unstemmed Minimizing Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions of POME Treatment System Using MILP Model
title_sort Minimizing Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions of POME Treatment System Using MILP Model
publishDate 2025
container_title Processes
container_volume 13
container_issue 2
doi_str_mv 10.3390/pr13020583
url https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85219043265&doi=10.3390%2fpr13020583&partnerID=40&md5=e434c7467f1922ac366ff0fc3a34d12c
description This paper presents a strategic planning model aimed at optimizing the economic and environmental impacts of palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment systems. The model determines the optimal selection of POME treatment systems to minimize the environmental impact, specifically focusing on three systems: an anaerobic digester tank system (ADT), a covered lagoon system (CL) with biogas capture, and an open pond system (OP). The model incorporates constraints related to fresh fruit bunch (FFB) production, POME generation, the biological oxygen demand (BOD), the chemical oxygen demand (COD), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The optimization framework, formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model, is solved using the GAMS 40.1.0 software. Integer decision variables are used to represent the choice of POME treatment system that minimizes the environmental impact. The study specifically considers the ADT, CL, and OP systems, with the results indicating that the ADT system is the most effective in reducing the BOD, COD, and CO2-equivalent emissions, thereby highlighting its environmental benefits. The model selects the ADT treatment system, which exhibits the lowest COD, BOD, and CO2e emissions. Specifically, the COD registered an 85% reduction, from 84,830 mg/L to 12,725 mg/L. The BOD level was reduced by 88%, resulting in a BOD level of 41,208 mg/L to 4945 mg/L. The minimum CO2e emissions that could be achieved was about 3173 t CO2e per annum. This model provides a valuable tool for governmental agencies and policymakers to guide the private sector in developing environmentally sustainable POME treatment strategies. © 2025 by the authors.
publisher Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
issn 22279717
language English
format Article
accesstype All Open Access; Gold Open Access
record_format scopus
collection Scopus
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