Age-Related Macular Degeneration Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Potential of Tocotrienols: An Update

• Published in: JOURNAL OF OCULAR PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS
• Main Authors: Sadikan, Muhammad Zulfiqah; Lambuk, Lidawani; Reshidan, Nur Hidayah; Ghani, Nurliyana Ain Abdul; Ahmad, Azral Ismawy; Kamal, Mohd Saleh Ahmad; Lazaldin, Mohd Aizuddin Mohd; Hairi, Haryati Ahmad; Mohamud, Rohimah; Nasir, Nurul Alimah Abdul
• Format: Review; Early Access
• Language: English
• Published: MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC 2025
• Subjects: Ophthalmology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy
• Online Access: https://www-webofscience-com.uitm.idm.oclc.org/wos/woscc/full-record/WOS:001411245900001

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) poses a significant threat to visual health among the elderly, necessitating urgent preventive measures as the global population ages. Extensive research has implicated oxidative stress (OS)-induced retinal damage as a primary contributor to AMD pathogenesis, prompting investigations into potential therapeutic interventions. Among the various nutrients studied for their potential in AMD risk reduction, antioxidants have shown promise, with initial findings from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study suggesting a correlation between antioxidant supplementation and decreased AMD progression. This article explores the scientific foundation supporting the therapeutic efficacy of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) as a viable candidate for slowing AMD progression, based on interventional studies. AMD is characterized by OS, inflammation, dysregulated lipid metabolism, and angiogenesis, all of which TRF purportedly addresses through its potent anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, antiangiogenic, and antioxidant properties. The review underscores TRF's promising attributes, aiming to deepen understanding of AMD pathogenesis and advocate for TRF-based pharmacological interventions to enhance therapeutic outcomes. Given the pressing need for effective AMD treatments, TRF represents a promising avenue for intervention, offering hope for improved vision outcomes and enhanced quality of life for individuals affected by this debilitating condition.